Oracle数据库备份还原详解
理论准备
oracle 数据库提供expdp和impdp命令用于备份和恢复数据库。
具体可查阅oracle官方文档 https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/sutil/database-utilities.pdf
备份和还原主要有
FULL_MODE:整个数据库进行备份还原。
Schema Mode：默认导出模式，Schema 模式。
Table Mode：表模式。
Tablespace Mode：表空间模式。
实践
验证1：备份某一时刻数据库数据，通过恢复语句能够恢复到备份时刻的数据。
切换用户后登录
[root@linuxtestb538 ~]# su oracle bash-4.2$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 14:40:45 2021 Version 19.3.0.0.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Version 19.3.0.0.0 SQL>
连接到对应用户下
SQL> conn test/test@mypdb Connected.
创建了test_tab表
create table test_tab( id number(9) not null, title varchar2(20) );
插入一条数据
insert into test_tab values(1,'hello world');
导出数据文件(推出数据库连接)
expdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test dumpfile=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_all.dmp DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR
插入一条数据
insert into test_tab values(2,'hello test');
目前数据库中存在两条数据,而数据导出的时候只有一条hello world的数据。
SQL> select * from test_tab;
ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
1 hello world
2 hello test
现在我们通过impdp命令恢复数据库数据
bash-4.2$ impdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_recov.dmp; Import: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 14:52:21 2021 Version 19.3.0.0.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Master table "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded Starting "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01": test/********@mypdb schemas=test DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_recov.dmp Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER ORA-31684: Object type USER:"TEST" already exists Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE ORA-39151: Table "TEST"."TEST_TAB" exists. All dependent metadata and data will be skipped due to table_exists_action of skip Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/STATISTICS/MARKER Job "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" completed with 2 error(s) at Tue Nov 23 14:52:37 2021 elapsed 0 00:00:14
从输入信息中看到test_tab表已经存在所以相关的备份数据跳过不处理，但我们的本意需要让备份数据去覆盖现有数据不管现在表 是否已经存在。那我们需要增加 table_exists_action=replace的参数
impdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test table_exists_action=replace DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_recov.dmp; Import: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 14:55:57 2021 Version 19.3.0.0.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Master table "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded Starting "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01": test/********@mypdb schemas=test table_exists_action=replace DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211119_all.dmp logfile=20211119_recov.dmp Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER ORA-31684: Object type USER:"TEST" already exists Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA . . imported "TEST"."TEST_TAB" 5.539 KB 1 rows Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/STATISTICS/MARKER Job "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" completed with 1 error(s) at Tue Nov 23 14:56:25 2021 elapsed 0 00:00:27
连接到数据库后,查询test_tab表，发现数据已经恢复到只有一条hello world的时候，验证通过。
SQL> select * from test_tab;
ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
1 hello world
验证2：备份数据的时候不想备份所有表，要根据条件过滤掉某些表进行备份，恢复的时候只恢复备份出来的表数据。
我们再创建一张his开头的表
create table his_test_tab( id number(9) not null, title varchar2(20) );
插入数据
insert into his_test_tab values(1,'hello world');
导出数据
bash-4.2$ expdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test dumpfile=test20211123-1_all.dmp logfile=20211123-1_all.dmp DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR EXCLUDE=table:\"like \'HIS%\'\"; Export: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 15:16:39 2021 Version 19.3.0.0.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Starting "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01": test/********@mypdb schemas=test dumpfile=test20211123-1_all.dmp logfile=20211123-1_all.dmp DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR EXCLUDE=table:"like 'HIS%'" Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/STATISTICS/MARKER Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/COMMENT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX . . exported "TEST"."TEST_TAB" 5.539 KB 1 rows Master table "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded ****************************************************************************** Dump file set for TEST.SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01 is: /opt/oracle/admin/ORCLCDB/dpdump/D0F96921D5E99512E0534390140A837F/test20211123-1_all.dmp Job "TEST"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully completed at Tue Nov 23 15:17:39 2021 elapsed 0 00:01:00
在test_tab和his_test_tab 表中新增数据
SQL> insert into test_tab values(2,'hello test');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into his_tab values(2,'hello test');
insert into his_tab values(2,'hello test')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
SQL> select * from test_tab;
ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
1 hello world
2 hello test
SQL> select * from his_test_tab;
ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
1 hello world
2 hello test
插入数据后test_tab和his_test_tab表中
还原数据
bash-4.2$ impdp test/test@mypdb schemas=test table_exists_action=replace DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211123-1_all.dmp logfile=20211123_recov.dmp; Import: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 23 15:24:37 2021 Version 19.3.0.0.0 Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production Master table "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded Starting "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01": test/********@mypdb schemas=test table_exists_action=replace DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR DUMPFILE=test20211123-1_all.dmp logfile=20211123_recov.dmp Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER ORA-31684: Object type USER:"TEST" already exists Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA . . imported "TEST"."TEST_TAB" 5.539 KB 1 rows Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/STATISTICS/MARKER Job "TEST"."SYS_IMPORT_SCHEMA_01" completed with 1 error(s) at Tue Nov 23 15:24:47 2021 elapsed 0 00:00:09
确认结果
SQL> select * from his_test_tab;
ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
1 hello world
2 hello test
SQL> select * from test_tab;
ID TITLE
---------- --------------------
1 hello world
结果符合预期test_tab数据被还原，his_test_tab数据没有被还原。通过备份日志也可以看到我们只备份了test_tab表中的数据。
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