postgresql rank() over, dense_rank(), row_number()用法区别

如下学生表student，学生表中有姓名、分数、课程编号，需要按照课程对学生的成绩进行排序

select * from jinbo.student;
 id | name | score | course 
----+-------+-------+--------
 5 | elic | 70 |  1
 4 | dock | 100 |  1
 3 | cark | 80 |  1
 2 | bob | 90 |  1
 1 | alice | 60 |  1
 10 | jacky | 80 |  2
 9 | iris | 80 |  2
 8 | hill | 60 |  1
 7 | grace | 50 |  2
 6 | frank | 70 |  2
 6 | test |  |  2
(11 rows)

1、rank over () 可以把成绩相同的两名是并列，如下course = 2 的结果rank值为：1 2 2 4 5

 select name,
  score,
  course,
  rank() over(partition by course order by score desc) as rank
 from jinbo.student;
 name | score | course | rank 
-------+-------+--------+------
 dock | 100 |  1 | 1
 bob | 90 |  1 | 2
 cark | 80 |  1 | 3
 elic | 70 |  1 | 4
 hill | 60 |  1 | 5
 alice | 60 |  1 | 5
 test |  |  2 | 1
 iris | 80 |  2 | 2
 jacky | 80 |  2 | 2
 frank | 70 |  2 | 4
 grace | 50 |  2 | 5
(11 rows)

2、dense_rank()和rank over()很相似，可以把学生成绩并列不间断顺序排名，如下course = 2 的结果rank值为：1 2 2 3 4

select name,score,
  course,
  dense_rank() over(partition by course order by score desc) as rank
 from jinbo.student;
 name | score | course | rank 
-------+-------+--------+------
 dock | 100 |  1 | 1
 bob | 90 |  1 | 2
 cark | 80 |  1 | 3
 elic | 70 |  1 | 4
 hill | 60 |  1 | 5
 alice | 60 |  1 | 5
 test |  |  2 | 1
 iris | 80 |  2 | 2
 jacky | 80 |  2 | 2
 frank | 70 |  2 | 3
 grace | 50 |  2 | 4
(11 rows)

3、row_number 可以把相同成绩的连续排名，如下 course = 2 的结果rank值为：1 2 3 4 5

select name,score,
  course,
  row_number() over(partition by course order by score desc) as rank
 from jinbo.student;
 name | score | course | rank 
-------+-------+--------+------
 dock | 100 |  1 | 1
 bob | 90 |  1 | 2
 cark | 80 |  1 | 3
 elic | 70 |  1 | 4
 hill | 60 |  1 | 5
 alice | 60 |  1 | 6
 test |  |  2 | 1
 iris | 80 |  2 | 2
 jacky | 80 |  2 | 3
 frank | 70 |  2 | 4
 grace | 50 |  2 | 5
(11 rows)

使用rank over()的时候，空值是最大的，如果排序字段为null, 可能造成null字段排在最前面，影响排序结果，可以如下：

rank over(partition by course order by score desc nulls last)

4、总结

partition by 用于结果集分组，如果没有指定，会把整个结果集作为一个分组

rank 、dense_rank 、row_numer 都是不同方式的结果集组内排序，一般都结合over 字句出现，over 字句里会有 partition by、order by、last、first 的任意组合，如下：

rank() over(partition by a,b order by a, order by b desc);
rank() over(partition by a order by b nulls first)
rank() over(partition by a order by b nulls last)

补充：Oracle或者PostgreSQL的row_number over 排名语法

PostgreSQL 和Oracle 都提供了 row_number() over() 这样的语句来进行对应的字段排名，很是方便。MySQL却没有提供这样的语法。

这次我提供的表结构如下，

    Table "ytt.t1" 
 Column |   Type   | Modifiers 
--------+-----------------------+----------- 
 i_name | character varying(10) | not null 
 rank | integer    | not null

我模拟了20条数据来做演示。

t_girl=# select * from t1 order by i_name;        
 i_name | rank 
---------+------ 
 Charlie | 12 
 Charlie | 12 
 Charlie | 13 
 Charlie | 10 
 Charlie | 11 
 Lily  | 6 
 Lily  | 7 
 Lily  | 7 
 Lily  | 6 
 Lily  | 5 
 Lily | 7 
 Lily | 4 
 Lucy | 1 
 Lucy | 2 
 Lucy | 2 
 Ytt  | 14 
 Ytt  | 15 
 Ytt  | 14 
 Ytt  | 14 
 Ytt  | 15 
(20 rows)

在PostgreSQL下，我们来对这样的排名函数进行三种不同的执行方式1：

第一种：

完整的带有排名字段以及排序。

t_girl=# select i_name,rank, row_number() over(partition by i_name order by rank desc) as rank_number from t1;  
 i_name | rank | rank_number 
---------+------+------------- 
 Charlie  | 13 |   1 
 Charlie | 12 |   2 
 Charlie | 12 |   3 
 Charlie | 11 |   4 
 Charlie | 10 |   5 
 Lily  | 7 |   1 
 Lily  | 7 |   2 
 Lily  | 7 |   3 
 Lily  | 6 |   4 
 Lily  | 6 |   5 
 Lily  | 5 |   6 
 Lily  | 4 |   7 
 Lucy | 2 |   1 
 Lucy | 2 |   2 
 Lucy | 1 |   3 
 Ytt  | 15 |   1 
 Ytt  | 15 |   2 
 Ytt  | 14 |   3 
 Ytt  | 14 |   4 
 Ytt  | 14 |   5 
(20 rows)

第二种：

带有完整的排名字段但是没有排序。

t_girl=# select i_name,rank, row_number() over(partition by i_name ) as rank_number from t1; 
 i_name | rank | rank_number 
---------+------+------------- 
 Charlie  | 12 |   1 
 Charlie | 12 |   2 
 Charlie | 13 |   3 
 Charlie | 10 |   4 
 Charlie | 11 |   5 
 Lily  | 6 |   1 
 Lily  | 7 |   2 
 Lily  | 7 |   3 
 Lily  | 6 |   4 
 Lily  | 5 |   5 
 Lily  | 7 |   6 
 Lily  | 4 |   7 
 Lucy | 1 |   1 
 Lucy | 2 |   2 
 Lucy | 2 |   3 
 Ytt  | 14 |   1 
 Ytt  | 15 |   2 
 Ytt  | 14 |   3 
 Ytt  | 14 |   4 
 Ytt  | 15 |   5 
(20 rows)

第三种：

没有任何排名字段，也没有任何排序字段。

t_girl=# select i_name,rank, row_number() over() as rank_number from t1; 
 i_name | rank | rank_number 
---------+------+------------- 
 Lily  | 7 |   1 
 Lucy | 2 |   2 
 Ytt  | 14 |   3 
 Ytt  | 14 |   4 
 Charlie | 12 |   5 
 Charlie | 13 |   6 
 Lily  | 7 |   7 
 Lily  | 4 |   8 
 Ytt  | 14 |   9 
 Lily  | 6 |   10 
 Lucy | 1 |   11 
 Lily  | 7 |   12 
 Ytt  | 15 |   13 
 Lily  | 6 |   14 
 Charlie | 11 |   15 
 Charlie | 12 |   16 
 Lucy | 2 |   17 
 Charlie | 10 |   18 
 Lily  | 5 |   19 
 Ytt  | 15 |   20 
(20 rows)

以上为个人经验，希望能给大家一个参考，也希望大家多多支持潘少俊衡。如有错误或未考虑完全的地方，望不吝赐教。